Dysfunction of innate immunity and associated pathology in neonates.

The neutrophils and complement system are the critical elements of innate immunity mainly due to participation in the first line of defense against microorganisms by means of phagocytosis, lysis of bacteria and activation of naive B-lymphocytes. In this report we provide an overview of the up to date information regarding the neutrophil and complement system's functional ability in newborn infants in association with the maternal conditions that exist during the intrauterine stage, gestational age and post-neonatal pathology. The neonates' capacity to control the neutrophil and complement protein activation process has also been discussed because of the evidence that uncontrolled activation of these immune elements provides a significant contribution to the tissue damage and subsequent pathology. The authors are confident that despite the many unanswered questions this review updates their knowledge and points the need for further research to clarify the role of the age-associated dysfunction of neutrophils and complement system in the infection and inflammation related pathology of newborn infants.

Aloinmunización transplacentaria por antígenos plaquetarios específicos: prevalencia y características en una población chilena / Transplacental alloimmunization against platelet antigens: prevalence and features in a chilean population

Backgrour: Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a result of fetomaternal incompatibility. Platelet destruction is caused by a maternal alntibody directed against a fetal platelet antigen inherited from the father and lacking on the mother's platelets. The incidence and features of transplacental alloimmunization depend on the frequency of expression of platelet specific antigens, which are highly variable among different populations. Aim: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of transplacental alloimmunization in a large, group of pregnant women in Chile. Material and methods: We, studied 3,041 samples obtained during the third trimester of gestation. In all samples, anti platelet antibodies were screened by ELISA with platelet membranes fixed to a microtiter plate. Positive samples were further studied for antigenic specificity with the monoclonal antibody specific immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA) test. Results: Anti platelet antibodies were found in 261 samples (8.5 percent). The MAIPA test identified 6 samples with antibodies directed against major platelet membrane glycoproteins, 2 anti GPIb, 2 anti GPIIb/IIIa and 2 anti GPIa/IIIa. In four cases, anti HLA antibodies coexisted. Two cases corresponded to well defined platelet antigen systems: one anti HPA-1a and one anti HPA-5b. No clinical evidence of thrombocytopenia of the newborn was detected in all these cases with anti GP antibodies. Conclusions: A prevalence of platelet specific antibodies of 0.2 por ciento with only one anti HPA-1a was detected. These findings are in contrast with those of other populations but in accordance with the low frequency of the HPA-1b/b phenotype in the Chilean population. The very low incidence of platelet specific antibodies and the lack of association with clinical thrombocytopenia in the newborn, do not support the recommendation of routine antenatal screening to all women in Chile

Measles antibody levels in 3 to 9 months old infants.

Measles HI antibody titre was estimated in 248 infants aged 3 to 9 months. A total of 129 (52.02%) infants were seropositive (HI antibody titre more than 1:8). Geometric mean titre (GMT) and percentage of seropositive infants decreased with age and was minimum i.e., 5.52 and 22.22% respectively at the age of 7 months. After the age of 7 months the GMT and percentage of seropositive infants increased indicating that optimum age-of measles immunization in the area studied is around 7 months. Percentage of seropositivity did not differ significantly in relation to sex, socio-economic status and national status of infant.